Liver cancer - incidence, symptoms, causation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

Liver cancer also known as primary or metastatic liver cancer is a very rare form of cancer in the Western world (1%) of all cancers, but much more common in Africa and parts of Asia () 10% to 50% of all cancers. It is much more common in men and incidence increases with age. Liver cancer is sudden death, usually within 6 months from gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic failure or metastasis.

TYPES OF LIVE CANCER
Most primary liver tumorsare known as hepatomas (hepatocellular carcinoma and primary lower cell carcinoma). Some primary liver cancer known to originate in the bile duct and these as cholangiomas. Some rare cancer of the liver include Kupffer cell sarcoma and hepatoblastomas (which occur almost exclusively in children and are usually) decent and curable. Metastatic liver cancer is 20 times more common than primary liver cancer and liver cirrhosis after that the leading form of liver is related Death.

Signs and symptoms
Liver cancer usually do not cause symptoms until they are at an advanced stage.
Clinical effects of advanced liver cancer include:

1. A mass in the upper right side.
2. Tender, nodular liver on palpation
3. Severe pain in the stomach or in the upper right-hand side
4. Weight loss, anorexia, weakness, fever
5. Occasional jaundice or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity)

CAUSATION
The exact cause of liver> Not aware of adult cancers in children, but it is a genetic disease. Adult liver carcinomas may result from environmental exposure to carcinogens such as mold, contrast media (no longer in use), androgens and oral estrogens, which absorb prolonged hepatitis B virus, or caused by damage to the liver due to cirrhosis, caused by too much alcohol .

DIAGNOSIS
Liver cancer is difficult to diagnose in the presence of cirrhosis, but several tests can help identify them: The Combination of an imaging study (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans) and increased blood levels of alpha-fetoprotein will most effectively diagnose liver cancer may show electrolyte studies, increased sodium retention, a liver biopsy can make a definitive diagnosis.

TREATMENT
Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of disease, age, general health, feelings and personal preferences. Surgery is the most effective treatment for primary liver cancerCancer, but that's not always possible because of the size or location of the tumor. Radiofrequency ablation is an option for people with small, unresectable hepatocellular tumors and for some types of metastatic liver cancer. During this process, the hepatic artery (the artery from the liver receive their blood supply) is blocked, and chemotherapy drugs are injected between the blockage and the liver. Cryoablation is an option for people with inoperable primary and metastaticLiver cancer. Removing the whole liver and replacing it with a liver from another person is another possible form of treatment for primary liver cancer.

Even if the treatments much improvement in the liver cancer itself, pain and other signs and symptoms of liver cancer caused not be able to offer aggressive treatment to improve the quality of life. In general, treatment for children are the same as for adults, and the best approach depends onthe stage and type of cancer and the child's age and general health.

PROGNOSIS
Prognosis is poor if the cancer is advanced, but also for small tumors that are confined to the liver, ablative therapies, and palliative surgical resection or liver transplantation is sometimes curative.

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Prostate Cancer - the frequency, symptoms, causation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in men over fifty years old.
Adenocarcinoma is the most common form.
Prostate cancer rarely causes symptoms until the cancer at an advanced stage, so early diagnosis and in the early stages of the disease is curable, is essential.

Location and Function
The prostate is an organ that is part of the male sex organs. It is just below the bladder and right before you areIntestine. Its main function is to produce fluid which protects and enriches sperm.

In younger men the prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is shaped dough nut, as at the beginning of the urethra, the tube that conveys the urine from the bladder to the penis surrounds. The nerves that control erections surround the prostate.

Signs and symptoms

• waking frequently at night to urinate
To urinate • Sudden or urgent need
To urinate • Difficulty in establishing
• Slow flow of urine and difficulty in stopping
• discomfort when urinating
• Painful ejaculation
• Blood in urine or semen
• Decrease in libido (sex drive)
• Reduced ability to get an erection

Most people tend to accept the presence of one or more of the following symptoms such that a natural consequence of aging. However, it is one of the above symptoms experienced advised to consult a doctor immediately. Early diagnosis and expertTreatment is important and can prevent potentially serious consequences for health.

Prostate cancer is usually one of the slower-growing cancers. In the past, it was found most often in men over 70, and many men died of other causes before their prostate cancer could kill him. This led to the old saying "most men do not die, prostate cancer.

However, this is certainly not today. Three developments have changed thingssignificantly:

• Men are living longer, so that the cancer more time to spread outside the prostate, with potentially fatal consequences.
• More men in their early sixties, fifties and even forties are detected with prostate cancer. Earlier on the set, with the greater life expectancy for men is associated, the cancer will have more time to spread and become life-threatening unless diagnosed and treated.
• prostate cancer in younger men often tends toaggressive and thus more life-threatening within a shorter time.

Risk Factors and Testing
Risk factors for prostate cancer have diets rich in fat and low in vegetables. Risk factors include age, 75% of cases are men over 65 years. Prostate cancer is often detected by physical examination or blood-screening tests, such as the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test.

The PSA test measures the blood levels of prostate-specific antigen, an enzymeproduced by the prostate. The risk of prostate cancer with rising PSA levels.

The majority of men who reach 85-year-olds, in fact, have prostate cancer cells, but the disease develops so slowly that it never threatened her life.

Genetic factors play a role, especially for families, which made the diagnosis in men under 60, and the risk of prostate cancer increases with the number of close relatives who have Disease.

Preventive measures
Researchers at Harvard University found that men who ate cooked tomatoes or foods made with them (tomato sauce or ketchup, for example) more than twice a week were less likely to develop prostate cancer.

Reduce the daily use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen can prostate cancer risk.
Frequent ejaculation, it also seems to have a certain protective effect against ProstrateCancer.

Many prostate cancers are not intended to be fatal, and most people will ultimately die from causes other than the disease. Because many prostate tumors grow slowly, are excellent survival if the disease is detected at an early stage.

Treatment
The most appropriate treatment is primarily determined by the stage and aggressiveness (how quickly they grow and spread) of the disease when it is discovered. Detecting prostate cancer earlyThe key to beating the disease.
Many factors influence the decision whether to treat the disease: the patient's age, whether the cancer has spread, the presence of other diseases, and the patient's general health.

Treatment of prostate cancer can mean "wait and see, surgery, radiation therapy, including brachytherapy and external radiation therapy, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormone therapy or aCombination.

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What is cancer - incidence, diagnosis, causation, symptoms, treatment and prognosis

Cancer is only by cardiovascular diseases as a cause of death in the Western world. Although cancer is predominantly a disease of older people with more than 60% of cancer deaths occur in people over the age of 65 Year of life, cancer may strike even the youngest of the children.

Cancer seems to occur when the growth of the cells of the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly. The cancer can develop in almost any organ orTissues such as lung, colon, breast, skin, bone or nerve tissue.

The most frequent sites are:

Prostrate 24%
Breast 13%
Lung 13%
Colon and rectum 9%
Bladder 3%
Uterus 2.5%

The cause of cancer is believed that a combination of genetic factors and non-carcinogens such as tobacco, viruses, infections, asbestos, vinyl chloride, inadequate nutrition.

The cancer often has no specific symptoms, so it is important that you limit your riskFactors and are subject to appropriate cancer screening. The signs and symptoms depend on where the cancer is, the size of the cancer, and how much they relate to the adjacent organs or structures.

If a cancer spreads (metastasis), then symptoms may occur in different parts of the body. As a cancer grows, he begins to press on nearby organs, blood vessels and nerves. If the cancer is in a critical area, such as certain parts of thethe brain, even the smallest tumor early symptoms.

But sometimes cancer begin there, not where it causes any symptoms until the cancer has grown quite large. Pancreatic cancer, for example, usually not large enough to feel on the outside of the body. At the time, a pancreatic cancer causes these symptoms, it usually has reached an advanced stage.

A cancer may also be common symptomsmany other problems, such as, fever, fatigue and weight loss. This may be because the cancer consumes much energy the body or it may be the release of substances that may affect the metabolism.

Some lung cancer to hormone-like substances which affect blood levels of calcium, nerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

It is important to know what some of the general (non-specific) signs and symptoms of cancer, but do not forget that undereach of these does not mean that you have cancer.

Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location and timing. The earlier the cancer is found, the better the prognosis.

A good example of the importance of early detection of melanoma skin cancer. Skin cancer can be easily removed if it has not grown deep into the skin, and the 5-year survival rate (percentage of people who are at least 5 years afterDiagnosis) at this stage is nearly 100%.

Early detection of breast cancer with mammography has been shown to reduce the average time of diagnosis of breast cancer in the population. Colorectal cancer is through colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing, which reduces both colon cancer incidence and mortality, presumably through the detection and removal of polyps before malignant be demonstrated. Similarly, cervical cytology testing (using the Pap smear) leads toIdentification and excision of precancerous lesions.

Testicular self-examination is for men beginning at age 15 years to recognize testicular cancer is recommended.

Signs and symptoms

Pain may be an early symptom with some cancers such as bone cancers or testicular cancer.

Long-term constipation, diarrhea or a change in the size of the chair can be a sign of colon cancer.

Painful urination, blood in urine, or a change inBladder function could be) (such as frequent or less frequent urination on the bladder or prostate cancer are available.

Skin cancer may bleed and look like sores that do not heal.

A lasting wound in the mouth could be a cancer of the oral cavity and are therefore treated with the same, particularly in patients who smoke, chew tobacco or drink alcohol frequently.

Sores on the penis or vagina may either signs of infection or a cancer, and should notoverlooked.

Unusual bleeding can occur either early or advanced cancer.

Blood in the sputum (phlegm) may be a sign of lung cancer.

) Blood in the stool (or a dark or black stool could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer.

Blood in the urine can be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer.

A bloody discharge from the nipple may be a sign of breast cancer.

Many cancers can be felt through the skin, especially in the chest;Testes, lymph nodes (glands) and the soft tissues of the body. A lump or thickening may be a sign of cancer sooner or later.

While they often have other causes, indigestion or difficulty swallowing) may be a sign of cancer of the esophagus, stomach, or pharynx (throat.

A cough, can not go giving a sign of lung cancer.

A cancer may be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the final diagnosis of malignant diseases, have mostconfirmed by histological examination of the cancer cells by a pathologist.

TREATMENT

Once the diagnosis of cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Radiation therapy is used to treat almost all types of solid tumors, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus or soft tissue sarcoma to.

Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and arenot specific to cancer cells, although a certain specificity of the inability of many cancer cells can repair DNA damage to occur, while normal cells generally can.

Modern methods for generating an immune response against tumors include intravesical BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, and the use of interferons and other cytokines, an immune response in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma causing patients.

Painkillers, such asSuppress morphine and oxycodone, and antiemetics, drugs, nausea and vomiting that are frequently used in patients with cancer symptoms. Transmission and disease.

Advances in Cancer Research have developed a vaccine to prevent cancer made available. The vaccine protects against four HPV types which together cause 70% of all cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts.

The consensus on diet and cancer is that obesity increases the riskIll cancer. The cancer-fighting components of food are also proving to be more numerous and more diverse than previously understood, so that more and more patients are advised to consume fresh, unprocessed fruits and vegetables for maximum benefit to health.

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